throw has 28 distinct synonyms spread across 10 of its 20 senses. Each sense below keeps its own list, because a synonym belongs to a meaning and not to a word: swapping one sense's substitute into another sense's sentence is how a thesaurus makes writing worse. WordNet records no antonym for it — antonymy is a relation between word forms rather than concepts, so it is deliberately sparse.
Counts are distinct word forms across every sense. A synonym that appears under three senses is counted once here and shown three times below, under each sense it belongs to.
move violently, energetically, or carelessly
“She threw herself forwards”
convey or communicate; of a smile, a look, a physical gesture
“Throw a glance”
cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation
“switch on the light”
to put into a state or activity hastily, suddenly, or carelessly
“Jane threw dinner together”
make on a potter's wheel
“she threw a beautiful teapot”
cause to fall off
“The horse threw its inexperienced rider”
Synonyms, antonyms and the broader and narrower relations for throw come from Princeton University’s WordNet. Full sources and licences.
a single chance or instance
“he couldn't afford $50 a throw”
the maximum movement available to a pivoted or reciprocating piece by a cam
bedclothes consisting of a lightweight cloth covering (an afghan or bedspread) that is casually thrown over something