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scale has 12 distinct synonyms spread across 8 of its 18 senses. Each sense below keeps its own list, because a synonym belongs to a meaning and not to a word: swapping one sense's substitute into another sense's sentence is how a thesaurus makes writing worse. WordNet records no antonym for it — antonymy is a relation between word forms rather than concepts, so it is deliberately sparse.
Counts are distinct word forms across every sense. A synonym that appears under three senses is counted once here and shown three times below, under each sense it belongs to.
an ordered reference standard
“judging on a scale of 1 to 10”
relative magnitude
“they entertained on a grand scale”
the ratio between the size of something and a representation of it
“the scale of the map”
a specialized leaf or bract that protects a bud or catkin
a thin flake of dead epidermis shed from the surface of the skin
(music) a series of notes differing in pitch according to a specific scheme (usually within an octave)
a measuring instrument for weighing; shows amount of mass
an indicator having a graduated sequence of marks
a metal sheathing of uniform thickness (such as the shield attached to an artillery piece to protect the gunners)
a flattened rigid plate forming part of the body covering of many animals
measure by or as if by a scale
“This bike scales only 25 pounds”
pattern, make, regulate, set, measure, or estimate according to some rate or standard
take by attacking with scaling ladders
“The troops scaled the walls of the fort”
Synonyms, antonyms and the broader and narrower relations for scale come from Princeton University’s WordNet. Full sources and licences.
measure with or as if with scales
“scale the gold”
size or measure according to a scale
“This model must be scaled down”