exchange has 13 distinct synonyms spread across 10 of its 17 senses. Each sense below keeps its own list, because a synonym belongs to a meaning and not to a word: swapping one sense's substitute into another sense's sentence is how a thesaurus makes writing worse. WordNet records no antonym for it — antonymy is a relation between word forms rather than concepts, so it is deliberately sparse.
Counts are distinct word forms across every sense. A synonym that appears under three senses is counted once here and shown three times below, under each sense it belongs to.
chemical process in which one atom or ion or group changes places with another
a mutual expression of views (especially an unpleasant one)
“they had a bitter exchange”
the act of changing one thing for another thing
“Adam was promised immortality in exchange for his disobedience”
the act of giving something in return for something received
“deductible losses on sales or exchanges of property are allowable”
a workplace that serves as a telecommunications facility where lines from telephones can be connected together to permit communication
a workplace for buying and selling; open only to members
(sports) an unbroken sequence of several successive strokes
“after a short rally Connors won the point”
reciprocal transfer of equivalent sums of money (especially the currencies of different countries)
“he earns his living from the interchange of currency”
the act of putting one thing or person in the place of another: "he sent Smith in for Jones but the substitution came too late to help"
(chess) gaining (or losing) a rook in return for a knight or bishop
“black lost the exchange”
(chess) the capture by both players (usually on consecutive moves) of pieces of equal value
“the endgame began after the exchange of queens”
change over, change around, as to a new order or sequence
put in the place of another; switch seemingly equivalent items
“the con artist replaced the original with a fake Rembrandt”
Synonyms, antonyms and the broader and narrower relations for exchange come from Princeton University’s WordNet. Full sources and licences.