WordNet records no synonym and no antonym for chromosome. It is the only member of its synset, which is common for technical, taxonomic and single-sense vocabulary — there is no other English word that means the same thing. The broader and narrower terms below are the useful relations in that case.
Counts are distinct word forms across every sense. A synonym that appears under three senses is counted once here and shown three times below, under each sense it belongs to.
a threadlike strand of DNA in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order
“humans have 22 chromosome pairs plus two sex chromosomes”
Synonyms, antonyms and the broader and narrower relations for chromosome come from Princeton University’s WordNet. Full sources and licences.