ascend has 6 distinct synonyms spread across 4 of its 8 senses. Each sense below keeps its own list, because a synonym belongs to a meaning and not to a word: swapping one sense's substitute into another sense's sentence is how a thesaurus makes writing worse. Its one recorded opposite is descend.
Counts are distinct word forms across every sense. A synonym that appears under three senses is counted once here and shown three times below, under each sense it belongs to.
go back in order of genealogical succession
Synonyms, antonyms and the broader and narrower relations for ascend come from Princeton University’s WordNet. Full sources and licences.
“Inheritance may not ascend linearly”
become king or queen
“She ascended to the throne after the King's death”
appear to be moving upward, as by means of tendrils
“the vine climbed up the side of the house”
go along towards (a river's) source
“The boat ascended the Delaware”
slope upwards
“The path ascended to the top of the hill”